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Anaplasmataceae agents among wild mammals and ectoparasites in Brazil
- K. C. M. DE SOUSA, A. C. CALCHI, H. M. HERRERA, J. S. DUMLER, D. M. BARROS-BATTESTI, R. Z. MACHADO, M. R. ANDRÉ
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 145 / Issue 16 / December 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 November 2017, pp. 3424-3437
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- Article
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Anaplasmataceae agents comprise obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause disease in humans and animals. Between August 2013 and March 2015, 31 Nasua nasua (coati), 78 Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox), seven Leopardus pardalis (ocelot), 110 wild rodents, 30 marsupials, and 42 dogs were sampled in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. In addition, ectoparasites found parasitizing the animals were collected and identified. The present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae agents in wild mammals, domestic dogs and ectoparasites, by molecular and serological techniques. Overall, 14 (17·9%) C. thous, seven (16·6%) dogs and one (3·2%) N. nasua were seroreactive to Ehrlichia canis. Nine dogs, two C. thous, one N. nasua, eight wild rodents, five marsupials, eight Amblyomma sculptum, four Amblyomma parvum, 13 A. sculptum nymphal pools, two Amblyomma larvae pools and one Polygenis (Polygenis) bohlsi bohlsi flea pool were positive for Ehrlichia spp. closely related to E. canis. Seven N. nasua, two dogs, one C. thous, one L. pardalis, four wild rodents, three marsupials, 15 A. sculptum, two Amblyomma ovale, two A. parvum and one Amblyomma spp. larval pools were positive for Anaplasma spp. closely related to A. phagocytophilum or A. bovis. The present study provided evidence that wild animals from Brazilian Pantanal are exposed to Anaplasmataceae agents.
171 - Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
- from Part XXI - Specific organisms: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
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- By Johan S. Bakken, St. Luke’s Hospital, J. Stephen Dumler, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Edited by David Schlossberg, Temple University, Philadelphia
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- Book:
- Clinical Infectious Disease
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
- Print publication:
- 23 April 2015, pp 1098-1102
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Summary
Ehrlichiosis is the collective name for infections caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Neoehrlichia, family Anaplasmataceae. Members of these genera cycle between invertebrate (arthropod) and vertebrate hosts, and some cause human zoonoses. At least seven species cause human tick-borne infection in the United States and Europe, including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), Ehrlichia ewingii, the agent of human ewingii ehrlichiosis (HEE), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), an Ehrlichia muris-like agent (EMLA), the Panola Mountain ehrlichia, an agent phylogenetically similar to Ehrlichia ruminantium that has caused fever in humans in the United States, Ehrlichia canis, thought limited to canids but identified as an agent of human febrile illness in Venezuela, and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, which has caused severe sepsis-like conditions in Europe, but mild febrile disease in Asia. While human infection by Neorickettsia sennetsu periodically surfaces in Asia, the transmission and disease processes are distinct and it will not be considered here.
Most Anaplasmataceae reside in ixodid (hard-body) ticks, and the bacteria are acquired during the larval stage and passed transstadially with each successive tick stage. Amblyomma americanum (the Lone Star tick) is the vector for E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii, and its range is throughout the south and eastern United States from Maine to Texas. In addition, all documented reports of human infections are limited to North America, although some evidence suggests that they exist in ticks in South America and Asia. In contrast, A. phagocytophilum and the E. muris-like agent cycle within Ixodes species ticks. Ixodes scapularis (the black-legged or deer tick) is found in the eastern United States and is a vector for both species. In addition, Ixodes pacificus (the western black-legged tick), found in regions of the US Pacific coast (northern California, Oregon, and Washington), and Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus, found in Europe and Asia, respectively, are competent vectors for A. phagocytophilum. Ixodes species ticks are also vectors for Borrelia burgdorferi (the agent of Lyme borreliosis), and most cases of HGA are reported from areas where Lyme borreliosis is endemic.
169 - Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
- from Part XXI - Specific Organisms – Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
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- By Johan S. Bakken, St. Luke's Infectious Disease Associates, J. Stephen Dumler, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
- Edited by David Schlossberg
-
- Book:
- Clinical Infectious Disease
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
- Print publication:
- 12 May 2008, pp 1173-1176
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- Chapter
- Export citation
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Summary
Ehrlichiosis is the collective name for infections caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma that belong to the family Anaplasmataceae. Members of these two genera cycle in nature between invertebrate (arthropod) and vertebrate (mammalian) hosts, and some species occasionally cause zoonotic infections in humans. Three species are currently known to cause human tick-borne infection in the United States and Europe and include Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), Ehrlichia ewingii, the agent of human ewingii ehrlichiosis (HEE), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA).
In nature Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species reside in specific hard-body tick hosts, and the bacteria are passaged transstadially with each successive developmental tick stage. Amblyomma americanum (the Lone Star tick) is the tick vector for E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii, and the endemic range of the Lone Star tick is predominately in the south and southeastern United States from Maryland to Texas. In addition, all documented reports of human infections with these species have been limited to the North American continent. In contrast, A. phagocytophilum cycles within Ixodes species ticks, including Ixodes scapularis (the deer tick) in the eastern United States, Ixodes pacificus (the black-legged tick) in some regions of the U.S. Pacific coast (northern California, Oregon, and Washington), and Ixodes ricinus (the wood tick) and Ixodes persulcatus in Europe and Asia. Ixodes species ticks are also vectors for Borrelia burgdorferi (the agent of Lyme borreliosis), and most cases of HGA have been reported from the same areas where Lyme borreliosis occurs endemically.